Biodiversity Hotspots Found In Sundaland

Sundaland is one of the most fascinating ecoregions in the world, covering parts of Southeast Asia that teem with incredible flora and fauna. As a wildlife artist and nature enthusiast, I find this region deeply inspiring. I've explored parts of Borneo, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Cambodia—all within the boundaries or influences of Sundaland.

Each visit leaves me wanting to discover more, especially the chance to see orangutans in the wild in Sumatra or revisit the rainforests of Borneo.

Key Points About Sundaland

• Geological Significance: Sundaland was once a massive landmass connecting much of Southeast Asia during the Ice Age, now fragmented into islands like Sumatra, Java, and Borneo due to rising sea levels.
• Biodiversity Hotspot: The region is one of the richest in the world, home to iconic species like orangutans, sun bears, and hornbills, many of which are endangered and found nowhere else.
• Unique Ecosystems: Sundaland boasts a mix of rainforests, mangroves, and peat swamps, offering diverse habitats for both flora and fauna, making it a paradise for nature enthusiasts.
• Cultural Richness: The region’s history is intertwined with ancient human civilizations, offering a blend of natural and cultural exploration through local villages, traditional food, and ancient sites.
• Travel Tip: To experience the best of Sundaland, visit its national parks like Gunung Leuser, Tanjung Puting, and Khao Sok. Fly between islands to save time, and always pack light, waterproof clothing and a good insect repellent to stay comfortable in the tropical environment.

The Wonders of Sundaland’s Ecosystems

Sundaland covers the Malay Peninsula and the islands of western Indonesia, including Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali.

This region was once a vast expanse of lowland forests and mangroves, making it one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. While much of the original forest has disappeared, the remnants are still rich in unique wildlife like orangutans, sun bears, and hornbills. Exploring these ecosystems has been one of the highlights of my travels, offering endless inspiration for my art and storytelling.

The geological history of Sundaland adds to its mystique. About 20,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age, much of Southeast Asia was connected by land bridges. These land connections created a single, expansive region that supported diverse life forms. As the glaciers melted and sea levels rose, Sundaland was submerged, leaving behind the islands we know today. This dramatic transformation isolated species, leading to the unique biodiversity we see in the region now.

The Best National Parks for Visiting Sundaland

The first thing I set my sights on when traveling to any ecoregion are the national parks. If you want to experience the best of Sundaland’s nature, its national parks are a great place to start. These parks offer the easiest way to experience the region. With set trails and infrastructure so you can explore freely.

Here are a few must-visit locations:

• Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra: This park is one of the last strongholds for critically endangered Sumatran orangutans. With its dense forests and challenging terrain, it offers incredible opportunities for wildlife enthusiasts.
• Tanjung Puting National Park, Borneo: Famous for its orangutan rehabilitation centers, this park also features riverboat tours that let you explore its unique peat swamp ecosystems.
• Khao Sok National Park, Thailand: Known for its limestone cliffs and ancient rainforests, Khao Sok is a paradise for hikers and photographers alike. The park is home to elephants, gibbons, and hornbills.
• Bali Barat National Park, Bali: While Bali is often associated with beaches, this park showcases the island’s wilder side, protecting habitats for Bali mynahs and other rare species.
• Bako National Park, Borneo: Located in Sarawak, Malaysia, this park is home to proboscis monkeys, bearded pigs, and unique mangrove forests. It’s small but incredibly diverse, making it ideal for day trips.

Artistic and Personal Inspiration from Sundaland

Every time I visit a Sundaland destination, I’m struck by its incredible ecosystems. From the dense rainforests of Borneo to the cultural landscapes of Bali, each location offers something unique. For me, sketching wildlife like hornbills or drawing the intricate patterns of tropical flora captures the essence of these places. Sumatra, with its wild orangutans and vast national parks, is high on my list for future adventures. I also dream of exploring more of Borneo’s protected areas, where the natural world feels untouched and timeless.

If you’re planning your own wildlife-focused travels, I’d recommend starting with my Wildlife Destinations guide for ideas. For a closer look at specific places, check out my articles on the Kinabatangan River in Borneo or other top wildlife destinations.

Traveling Tips for Exploring Sundaland

If you’re planning a trip to Sundaland, let me share some tips that have really helped me make the most of my adventures there. This region is so full of life and beauty, and a little prep goes a long way to ensure you’re comfortable and really get to experience everything it has to offer.

Pick the Right Starting Points

Sundaland covers a lot of ground, so figuring out where to start is key. When I first visited, I focused on areas like Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali because they’re rich in wildlife and relatively easy to navigate. If you’re into orangutans like me, Sumatra and Borneo are a must. For a mix of wildlife and culture, Bali and mainland Malaysia are great bases.

Timing Is Everything

The dry season (roughly March to October) is your best bet. The weather’s more reliable, and it’s easier to get around. That said, I’ve visited Borneo during the rainy season, and it was still magical—just a little muddier.

Don’t Skip the National Parks

The national parks in Sundaland are breathtaking, and they’re the best way to see the region’s incredible wildlife up close. In Borneo, I loved the river cruises at Tanjung Puting National Park—floating along, spotting orangutans, and listening to the jungle sounds was unforgettable. If you’re up for a challenge, trekking in Gunung Leuser National Park in Sumatra is amazing for seeing orangutans in the wild.

Khao Sok in Thailand is another favorite of mine. The limestone cliffs and ancient rainforests feel like something out of a dream. For something more relaxed, Bali Barat is perfect for seeing the wilder side of Bali, away from the usual beaches.

Getting Around

Traveling through Sundaland can feel like an adventure in itself! Flying between the islands is the fastest way to cover ground—AirAsia is super budget-friendly.

In Borneo, boats are the best way to explore rivers and remote areas. If you’re on Bali or the mainland, renting a scooter is a fun way to get around for short trips.

What to Pack

Here’s what I always bring on trips to Sundaland:

• Lightweight, breathable clothes (the humidity is no joke). I never wear socks in Sundaland areas. Alwas some sort of adventure sandal like these Bedrocks.
• Waterproof gear for rain. Most eco lodges will have hundreds of pairs of rubber boots anyone can where for muddy jungle treks, so you don't need to bring those. 
• A good insect repellent (mosquitoes can be relentless).
• A reusable water bottle and a water filtration system—I like to avoid single-use plastic as much as possible. No matter where I travel to in the world, I like to filter my own water, mostly because it's more conveinient than constantly buying water in conveinience stores.
• If you’re like me and love sketching, bring a small notebook or sketchpad for capturing the amazing scenery and wildlife.
• If you're into photography, you'll want a telephoto lens for your camera. In the jungle and on river cruises, animals are never close. they're either on the edge of the river or high up in the trees. So you'll have to be a sniper with your camera.

A Few Hurdles to Prepare For

I’ll be honest—traveling in Sundaland has its challenges. The humidity can be exhausting, so I always plan to rest during the hottest parts of the day.

Also, health-wise, make sure your vaccines are up to date and carry some basic medicine, especially if you’re heading to remote areas. And while English is widely spoken in touristy spots, knowing a few phrases in Bahasa Indonesia or Malay has made a big difference for me.

Ideas for Your Trip

If I were helping you plan, I’d suggest starting with a two weeks in Borneo. You can explore the rainforests and take a river cruise. Then, maybe head to Sumatra to trek in Gunung Leuser. If you have extra time, Khao Sok in Thailand is another favorite of mine, with its dramatic landscapes. You could finish with some time in Bali Barat for a mix of nature and relaxation.

I know traveling here might feel a bit overwhelming at first, but it’s worth every effort. Sundaland has given me some of my best memories, and I’m sure it’ll do the same for you.

Understanding Sundaland’s Role in Biodiversity

Sundaland’s rich history and geography have shaped its ecosystems and the human cultures that thrived there. The Sundaland Theory posits that this region was once home to some of the earliest human populations. Ancient civilizations might have thrived here before being displaced by rising seas. While much of this is still a topic of research, it highlights the region’s significance in both natural and human history.

Even today, Sundaland remains a crucial area for conservation. Its rainforests are home to endangered species like the Bornean orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Protecting these habitats is essential, not just for the species that live there but for the planet as a whole.

If you’re intrigued by other regions shaped by unique ecological and geological histories, you might enjoy reading about the Amazon Basin or the Himalayas.